Avicennia marina.

    Bruguiera gymnorrhiza.

    Ceriops tagal.

    Heritiera littoralis.

    Lumnitzera racemosa.

    Rhizophora mucronata.

    Sonneratia alba.

    Xylocarpus benadirensis.

    (a)    Ports and rail exits–

        Arusha

        Bukoba

        Dar es Salaam

        Kahe Junction

        Kasanga (Lake Tanganyika)

        Kigoma (Lake Tanganyika)

        Kipili (Lake Tanganyika)

        Kyaka (Kagera River)

        Lindi

        Mbamba Bay (Lake Nyasa)

        Mkwaya

        Mombasa

        Moshi

        Mtwara

        Mwanza

        Mwaya (Lake Nyasa)

        Tanga

    (b)    Road exits–

        Himo

        Kamanga

        Moa

        Mosi (for Abercorn)

        Mutukula (on Kyaka-Masaka Road)

        Namanga

        Namkale (for Abercorn)

        Tunduma

    Air Dry - Timbers fully seasoned to equilibrium moisture content with local atmospheric conditions.

    Arris - A sharp external angel formed by the meeting of two surfaces of a piece.

    Bark Pocket - Patches of bark partially or wholly enclosed within the wood; sometimes known as "Inbark"; resin or gum may sometimes be present in the pocket cf Resin Pocket.

    Baulk - A piece of square-sawn timber of approximately equal cross dimension of greater size than 100 mm

    Blemish - Any feature which mars the appearance of timber but has no adverse effect on its technical quality e.g. superficial stain. Whether a particular feature is classed as a blemish or a defect depends on the purpose for which the timber is to be used cf Defect.

    Board - A piece of sawn timber 50mm or less in thickness and 150mm or more in width cf Strip, Plank and Scantling.

    Borer - Any wood-boring organism (chiefly insects but including marine borers) that attacks wood, producing holes or tunnels or similar damage.

    Live Borer - Any wood-boring organism which is still alive and may be within timber containing loose faecal pellets or frass.

    Borer Holes:

    (a)    Pin holes - Not more than 1.5mm in diameter. Such holes are typically due to Ambrosia beetles and are usually darkly stained.

    (b)    Short Holes - 1.5mm and not more than 3mm in diameter; and such holes may be stained or unstained.

    (c)    Large Borer Holes. (Grub Holes) - Over 3mm in diameter, caused chiefly by Longhorn beetles.

    (d)    Dead Borer Holes. Borer holes in timber which are devoid of faecal pellets or frass.

    Bow - Curvature of a piece of sawn timber in the direction of its length, whereby the plane of its face deviates from a straight line cf Spring and Cup.

    Check - Small separations of the wood fibre in a longitudinal direction, not penetrating as far as the opposite or adjoining side of a piece of sawn timber (cf Shake and Split).

    Clear - Free from all visible defects cf Sound.

    Compression Failures - Fractures the grain in which the fibres are broken transversely or are crushed by compression. Various causes are suggested, such as felling across obstructions and internal stresses in the growing tree caused by high winds, growth stresses etc. Also known as Felling Shakes, Thunder Rupture, Lightning, Transverse Shakes, Upsets, Cross Breaks or Cross Fractures, very often they are difficult to detect until timber is dressed.

    Cup - Curvature of a piece of sawn timber across its width cf Bow and Spring.

    Decay - Includes wet rot and dry rot. It is the disintegration of wood resulting from the action of wood destroying fungi. It is usually accompanied by discolouration even in the early stages of attack. (Infection by sap-staining fungi is not classed as decay.)

    Defect - Any feature which adversely affects the technical quality of a timber. Whether a particular feature is classed as a defect or a blemish depends on the purpose for which the timber is to be used cf Blemish.

    Degrade - Applied to timber that through any cause has developed more defect than were permitted in the original grade of that timber. See also under Shipping-Dry.

    Dimension Stock - Timber sawn to specified sizes, usually specific widths and thickness.

    Edges - Applied only to the two narrower surfaces of a piece of timber cf Face.

    Equilibrium Moisture Content - (E.M.C.) - The moisture content of timber in equilibrium with any given conditions of humidity and temperature. Timber at equilibrium moisture content will neither gain nor lose moisture.

    Faces - Applied only to the two wider surfaces of a piece of sawn timber cf Edges. The term Better Face means the face with the less defects on it and Worse Face means the face with more defects on it.

    Face measure - The area in square metres on one face of a board.

    Flat Sawn - Timber converted so that the growth rings meet the face in any part at an angle of less than 45℃.

    Flitch - A piece of timber, sawn or hewn, waney, bevel-edged or square-edged, not less than 100 mm thick (hardwoods 115 mm) and usually over 300 mm wide; generally cut clear of the pith and intended for further conversion.

    Flooring - Material for forming floors or the surface of floors.

    Frass - The excreta and wood tissue fragments produced by wood boring insects.

    Full sawn - Applied to timber which has been oversized to allow for shrinkage and which should therefore measure more than the nominal dimensions until the timber has been fully seasoned.

    Grader - Any person who is authorised by the Director of Natural Resources under section 10 of the Act to grade timber.

    Graded timber - Timber passed by an authorised grader as conforming to the quality of one of the Grades described in the Rules and as being Shipping-Dry and free from prohibited defects.

    Grain - The general direction or arrangement of the fibres.

    Sloping grain - A deviation of the grain (fibres) from the longitudinal axis of the timber when the deviation is in the same direction throughout the depth of the piece. Careful inspection is required to distinguish it from interlocked grain and from purely local grain distortion.

    Green timber - Timber which has been freshly sawn or which is only partially seasoned. Strictly refers to timber in which free water remains within the cells cf Seasoned.

    Hardwoods - A conventional term used to denote the timber from trees belonging to the botanical group the Angiosperms cf Softwoods.

    Heart - The central portion of a log including the pith and the adjacent wood that may be defective.

    Boxed heart - Sawn or hewn timber cut so that the heart with any associated defects falls entirely within the four surfaces throughout its length.

    Brittle heart - Wood near the heart is characterised by brashness (brittleness) caused by compression failures. Brittle heart is common in hardwoods of low density in the tropics and has its origin in compressive stresses in the growing tree.

    Spongy Heart - Syn. Brittle Heart.

    Heartwood - (Truewood). Timber from the inner portion of a tree in which the cells are dead and no longer engaged in sap condition and food storage. Heartwood may or may not be distinguishable by colour from sapwood but it is usually less liable to stain or wood-rotting fungal attack and may sometimes be distinguished by the presence of ingrowths into the pores (tyloses) or by deposits of gum.

    Hewn Timber - Timber which has been squared with an axe or adze not by saw cf Sawn timber.

    Interlocked grain - Grain in which the angle of the fibres is reversed in successive growth layers.

    Knot - A portion of a branch which has become embedded in the wood by the natural growth of the tree; the cross section of a knot is usually circular or oval in shape and it is measured by taking the mean of the longest and shortest diameters. Knots are classified as follows–

    (a)     Centre knot - Knot occurring wholly or partly within the middle half of the face of sawn timber;

    (b)     Edge knot - Knot occurring wholly or partly on the edge of sawn timber;

    (c)     Knot cluster - A group of two or more knots such that the wood fibres are defected around the entire group; and a group of single knots in not a knot cluster;

    (d)     Loose knot - A dead knot that is not held firmly in place;

    (e)     Margin knot - A knot occurring wholly or partially on the outer quarters of the face of sawn timber;

    (f)     Sound knot - A knot solid across its face and as hard as or harder than the surrounding wood to which it is firmly joined; it shows no indication of decay and is usually darker in colour than the surrounding wood;

    (g)     Splay knot - A knot sawn approximately parallel to its long axis so that the exposed section is definitely elongated;

    (h)     Unsound knot - A knot which is solid across its face or is softer than the surrounding wood due to decay or other defects.

    Log - A section crosscut from a tree or a branch of a tree. If a log is not further prepared than by removal of bark/or branches or protuberances it is known as a round log; if a log has been sawn or hewn to an approximately rectangular cross section it is known as a square log.

    Mark of origin - Registered Marks with the Director of Natural Resources by either–

    (a)    The sawmiller who produced the timber;

    (b)    The dealer or exporter of the timber.

    Moisture Content - (M.C.) The amount of water in wood expressed as a percentage of the wood's oven dry weight.

    Opening out - In respect of splits means the divergence of the split from the line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piece.

    Oversize - The number of millimetres which exceeds the dimension required.

    Pin holes - cf Borer holes.

    Pith - The central core of a stem and some roots consisting chiefly of parenchyma of soft tissue (cf Heart).

    Plank - A piece of sawn timber more than 50 mm thick and not less than 150 mm in width whose thickness does not exceed half its width. cf Board, Scantling, Strip.

    Resin pockets - Cavities in wood which have become partially or wholly filled with solid or sem-solid resinous or gummy substance; also known as pitch pockets. Bark may also sometimes be present in the pocket. See Bark pocket.

    Rot - See decay.

    Sapwood - The outer layers of wood, which in the growing tree contained living cells and reserve materials such as starch. Frequently but not always, lighter in colour than the heartwood and sometime clearly differentiated from it. Sapwood is perishable but can be readily impregnated with preservatives. It is a defect unless the timber is to be pressure impregnated or unless it has been specified by the buyer (e.g. brown and white Muninga).

    Bright Sapwood - Sapwood free of stain or borer damage.

    Scantling - A piece of sawn timber of rectangular section more than 2 metres long, 5 0mm to 100 mm thick, and less than 150 mm wide. cf Strip, Board, Plank.

    Seasoned - Timber is fully air seasoned when the moisture content has dropped to the equilibrium moisture content of the local atmospheric conditions (in E.A. the equilibrium moisture content varies between 9 percent and 17 percent cf Green timber).

    Shake - an expression used to describe a split, crack or deep check. The following types are recognised:

    (a)     Compound shake - A combination of two or more types of shake;

    (b)     Cross shake - A shake in cross-grained timber following the grain;

    (c)     Felling shake - Any shake caused by felling;

    (d)     Ring shake - (Cup shake) - A shake following a growth zone or ring;

    (e)     Shell shake - Part of a ring shake showing on the surface of converted timber.

        Timber so applied is described as shelly;

    (f)    Star shake - See heart shake.

    Shipping-dry - (of timber) Sufficiently seasoned to prevent deterioration in transit. The expression "deterioration in transit" refers only to the behaviour of timber under normal conditions in covered railway wagons or in a ship's hold. Defects which may develop during shipment include warping, staining, decay and borer damage.

    Shipping mark - Different combination of signs or letters used by timber exporters, indicating consignee and destination to facilitate shipment.

    Shorts - Short lengths of sawn timber usually less than 2 metres long.

    Short holes - cf Borer holes.

    Shrinkage - The reduction in dimension or in volume of timber owing to a decrease in moisture content.

    Softwoods - A conventional term used to denote the timber from trees belong to the botanical group, the Gymnosperms. Commercial timbers of this group are practically confined to the class Coniferae (conifers) cf Hardwoods.

{mprestriction ids="1,2,3"}

    Specification - Any or all of the details specified in a contract.

    Split - (Also known as shake) A longitudinal separation of the fibres which extend to the opposite face or adjoining edge of a piece of sawn timber. cf Check.

    Spring - Curvature of a piece of timber in the plane of its edge, known also as edge bend cf Bow, Cup.

    Stain - Discolouration or variation from natural colour due to fungi, chemical action or other causes (blue stain, brown stain).

    Blue Stain - commonest form of sapstain, producing a bluish discolouration caused by fungi.

    Brown stain - Discolouration, generally in the heart wood of hardwoods that sometimes occurs during seasoning.

    Sap stain - Discolouration without decomposition caused by fungi and confined to sapwood principally.

    Strip: 1. Softwood (a) A piece of timber less than 50 mm thick and less than 150 mm wide (Local usage); (b) A piece of square-sawn timber under 45 mm thick and under 100 mm wide (B.S.Definition).

    2. Hardwood - A piece of square-sawn timber 50 mm and under in thickness 50 mm to 140 mm wide cf Scantling.

    Surface - The two faces and the two edges of a piece of sawn timber.

    Timber - Categories of wood other than firewood.

    Sawn timber - Timber which has been converted with a saw.

    Squared timber - Timber sawn or hewn to a rectangular cross-section with or without wane.

    Tolerance - A tolerated deviation from the specified sizes of sawn timber.

    Twist - Spiral distortion of a piece of sawn timber. It may be accompanied by either bowing or spring or bow.

    Undersize - The fraction of centimetre which is less than the dimension required.

    Wane - Lack of wood on any face or edge of a piece of sawn timber usually caused by a portion of the original rounded surface of the log remaining on the piece; bark may or may not be present.

    Warp - Distortion of a piece of timber usually developed during seasoning. It includes Bow, Cup, Spring and Twist.

    1. The timber of all hardwood species except Dalbergia melanoxylon shall be graded under the provision of this Schedule.

    2. All timber for grading will be classified according to its dimensions under one of the following definitions–

    (1) Boards.

    (2) Planks.

    (3) Strips.

    (4) Shorts.

    (5) Scantlings.

    (6) All other timber.

    (See Part II paragraph 5)

    3. Standard Grading specifications for each of the categories in paragraph 2, will be found in Part II of this Schedule and all timber must comply with one of the grades set out in the appropriate grading specification before it can be considered graded timber.

    4. Unless the specifications state otherwise all grading will be done on the worse face of the timber.

    5. No undersize is allowed, unless the buyer's specifications state otherwise, in which case the timber will be graded as Fourth or Specified Grade.

    6. Specific provision is made for sapwood and spring in the description of each grade.

    7. In certain of the specifications in Part II of this Schedule reference is made to "Standard Defects"; they are defined in the table below:

TABLE OF STANDARD DEFECTS

(1)    One sound knot 15 mm up to 30 mm in diameter or equivalent

1 defect.

(2)    One sound knot over 20 mm and up to 60 mm in diameter or equivalent

2 defects.

(3)    One sound knot over 60 mm and up to 90 mm in diameter or equivalent

3 defects.

(4)    Two sound knots less than 15 mm in diameter or equivalent

1 defect.

(5)    Three sound knots less than 15 mm in diameter or equivalent

2 defects.

(6)    One or more pin holes in a group not exceeding 30 mm in diameter

1 defect.

(7)    One end split, or splits at each end, not exceeding 275 mm in aggregate length per square metre of the face measure of the piece, each split opening out for not more than 1 mm to each 10 mm of the length of the splits

1 defect.

(8)    One end split, or splits at each end, not exceeding 275 mm in aggregate length per square metre of the face measure of the piece, each split opening out for more than 1 mm and less than 2 mm to each 10 mm of length of the splits

2 defects.

(9)    15 mm of spring (free side bend) shall be admitted in pieces over 3 metres and up to 4 metres long, and 40 mm in pieces over 4 metres and up to 5 metres long. Each additional 15 mm in any piece shall be considered as equal to 1 defect. Not more than two such defects shall be admitted in any piece.

    8. All sawn timber shall be well and evenly cut, full to thickness and width and have parallel edges.

    9. The following tolerance in thickness will be admitted–

    (1) Boards and planks.

    First and Second Grade:

    (a)    1.5 mm oversize on pieces up to 25 mm in thickness;

    (b)    3 mm oversize on pieces over 25 mm up to 50 mm in thickness;

    (c)    6 mm oversize on pieces over 50 mm in thickness.

    Third Grade:

    (a)    Boards - 3 mm oversize;

    (b)    Planks - 6 mm oversize.

    (2) Strips including flooring.

    As for first grade boards.

    (3) Shorts:

    (a)    pieces up to 50 mm in thickness as for first grade boards;

    (b)    pieces over 50 mm in thickness as for first grade planks.

    (4) Scantlings - As for shorts.

    There shall be four grades–

        First or Prime Grade.

        Second or Select Grade.

        Third or Standard Grade.

        Fourth or Specified Grade.

    1. Boards and Planks.

    First or Prime Grade.

    (1)    Width: 150 mm and wider.

    (2)    Length: 2 metres and longer.

    (3)    Defects admitted:

            Pieces containing less than 0.75 square metres face measure to be free of any defect.

            Pieces containing over 1.5 square metres face measure may admit 3 standard defects.

    (4)    Sapwood, whether bright or not, shall not be admitted.

    (5)    Pieces shall be generally straight-grained.

    Second or Selected Grade:

    (1)    Widths, lengths as for First or Prime Grade.

    (2)    Defects admitted:

            Pieces containing less than 0.75 to 1 square metres face measure shall admit 1 standard defect.

            Pieces containing 0.75 to 1.0 square metres face measure shall admit 4 standard defects (of which not more than two shall be due to splits and not more than two) due to spring.

            Pieces containing 1.0 to 1.5 square metres face measure shall admit 6 standard defects of which not more than two shall be due to splits and not more than two due to spring.

            Pieces containing over 1.5 square metres face measure shall admit 8 standard defects of which not more than two shall be due to splits and not more than two due to spring.

    Bright sapwood - not exceeding one-sixth of the width of the worst face.

    Third or Standard Grade:

    (1)    Widths and lengths as for First or Prime grade.

    (2)    Defects admitted:

            Sound Knot less than 50 mm in diameter-to the extent of one sound knot to every 0.1. square metre of face measure on the graded face.

            End splits - not exceeding in aggregate length 1 mm for each 10 mm length of the peace.

            Bright sapwood - not exceeding one sixth of the width of either face.

            Spring - to the extent of 15 mm in pieces up to 3 metres long 20 mm in pieces 3-4 metres long and 35 mm in pieces more than 4 metres long.

            Borer holes - pin holes or shot holes to the extent of two holes to every 0.1 square metres of face measure. Large borer holes not admitted.

2.    Strips including flooring:

    (1)    Scope: For grading narrow widths usually to be used as flooring.

    (2)    Grades: First or Prime Grade and Second or Select.

    (3)    Widths - as specified but less than 150 mm

    (4)    Lengths - as specified.

    (5)    Grading requirements applicable to both grades of strips:

            Spring shall be allowed only to the extent of 15 mm in lengths of 2.5 metres and over. No spring allowed in lengths of less than 2.5 metres.

    First or Prime Grade:

    (1)    One face and both edges shall be free from defect.

    (2)    The worse face shall admit slight defect not caused by splits.

    (3)    Sapwood is not permitted.

    Second or Select Grade:

    (1)    The better face shall be free from defect.

    (2)    Edges shall be free from defect other than bright sapwood.

    (3)    On the worse face bright sapwood and sound knots shall be admitted.

    3. Shorts (excluding Flooring Blocks or Strips):

    (1) Scope: For grading short lengths (i.e. lengths less than 2 metres) of any width, other than flooring, which should be graded under paragraph 2 above.

    (2) Grades - First or Prime and Second or Select.

    (3) All lengths must be full at least 15 mm longer than specified.

    First or Prime Grade:

    Prime is a clear grade i.e. all short length strips, boards or planks shall have both faces free from any defect and squares and scantlings shall have all four faces free from any defect.

    Second or Select Grade:

    (1) All short length strips, boards or planks shall have the better face free from all defects. Squares and scantlings shall have two adjacent faces free from all defects.

    (2) The worse face (in strips, boards and planks) or the remaining faces (in squares and scantlings) may contain bright sapwood, provided that this does not exceed one-sixth of the width of the face on which it occurs and sound knots not exceeding 15 mm in diameter, but shall be free of any other defect.

4.    Scantlings:

    (1) Scope: For grading Scantlings. Lengths under 2 metres shall be graded as shorts.

    (2) General: In grading scantlings all four sides should be free from shakes, from obvious compression failures and brittle heart and any other defects which in the opinion of the grader would materially impair the strength of the scantling.

    (3) Knots: No sound knot shall exceed one-third of the width of the face or edge on which it occurs, nor shall knots be so grouped as to materially impair the strength of the scantling.

    First or Prime Grade:

    (a)    slope of grain not to exceed 1 in 16;

    (b)    spring not to exceed 10 mm in 3 metres;

    (c)    to be free from any other defect;

    (d)    heart not admitted.

    Second or Select Grade:

    (a)    slope of grain not to exceed 1 in 12;

    (b)    spring not to exceed 20 mm in 3 metres;

    (c)    knots not to exceed one-sixth of the width of any face or edge and not to exceed 1 in a linear metre;

    (d)    sapwood not to exceed one-sixth of the width of any face or edge and to be confined to one corner;

    (e)    heart admitted if sound and well-boxed.

    Third or Standard Grade:

    (a)    slope of grain not to exceed 1 in 12;

    (b)    spring not to exceed 20 mm in 3 metres;

    (c)    knot not to exceed one-third of any face or edge nor to exceed 1 in a linear metre;

    (d)    sapwood not to exceed one quarter of the width of any face or edge;

    (e)    end splits allowed to an aggregate of 150 mm at each end.

5.    Other Graded Timber:

    The specifications listed above are obviously not all embracing. It is therefore provided that the timber not meeting any of the standard specifications may nevertheless be regarded as graded timber provided that–

    (a)    it has been graded by an authorised grader in the manner prescribed by law;

    (b)    it is shipping-dry or drier (except where green timber is specified by the buyer);

    (c)    it is free from live borer, rot and decay, brittle heart and compression failures and unsound or loose knots;

    (d)    distortion does not exceed the following limits–

        (1)    Bow - 25 mm in 3 metres.

        (2)    Cup - 1 mm in 50.

        (3)    Twist - 3½ degrees.

        (4)    Spring - 25 mm in 3 metres.

    Such timber will be described in the Grading Certificate as Fourth or Specified Grade.

1.    First or Prime Grade - A circle containing the letters H.E.A.T. arranged thus–

H.
E. T.
A.

2.    Second or Select Grade - A triangle containing the letters H.E.A.T. arranged thus–

H
E.A.T.

3.    Third or Standard Grade – A square containing the letters H.E.A.T. arranged thus–

H
E. A.
T.

4.    Fourth or Specified Grade – The letters H.S.E.A.T. arranged thus–

H
S
E.A.T.

    1. The timber of all softwood species shall be graded under the provisions of this Schedule.

    2. There shall be six strength grades and five appearance grades.

    3. Any species of softwood may be graded either in the strength grades or in the appearance grades.

    4. The strength grades shall be:

    (a)    First Grade;

    (b)    Second Grade;

    (c)    Third Grade;

    (d)    Fourth Grade – Which grades are defined in Part III of this Schedule;

    (e)    General Grade – This grade shall consist of 50 percent Second Grade and Better and 50 percent Third Grade;

    (f)    Specified Grade – This grade shall provide for special requirements in cases where an exceptional specification has been agreed between buyer and seller and shall include round timber.

    5. The appearance grades shall be–

    (a)    First Grade;

    (b)    Second Grade;

    (c)    Third Grade – Which grades are defined in Part IV;

    (d)    General Grade – This grade shall consist of 50 percent Second Grade and Better and 50 percent Third Grade;

    (e)    Specified Grade – This grade shall provide for special requirements in cases where an exceptional specification has been agreed between buyer and seller and shall include round timber.

    6. (1) Timber to be graded under the strength grades shall be graded on the worse face.

    (2) Timber to be graded under the appearance rules shall be graded on the better face.

    7. The size of an edge knot shall be measured–

    (a)    where the knot touches the arris, as the width between the arris and a line touching the knot parallel to the arris; or

    (b)    where the knot does not touch the arris, as the width between lines touching the knot and parallel to the arris.

    8. The size of a margin knot shall be measured in the same manner as an edge knot.

    9. The size of a centre knot shall be the mean of its greatest and least diameters.

    10. A splay knot shall be measured as an edge knot only where it extends more than a quarter of the width of the piece.

    11. The size of a knot cluster shall be taken as the sum of the diameters of individual knots measured as centre knots.

    12. The amount of wane shall be expressed as a fraction of the surfaces on which it occurs.

    13. Slope of grain shall be measured over a distance of not less than twice the width of the piece, disregarding slight local deviations. It shall be measured as the tangent of the angle of the inclination of the fibres to the long axis of the piece.

    14. The size of resin pockets and bark pockets shall be limited to the width specified, the lengths shall be expressed as sum of the lengths of all pockets in mm to the length of the piece in metres.

    15. The size of checks and splits shall be limited to the lengths specified.

    16. The amount of bow shall be measured over a length of 3 metres and shall be expressed as the maximum deviation of the face from a straight line joining two points 3 metres apart.

    17. The amount of spring shall be measured over a length of 3 metres and expressed as maximum deviation of the face from a straight line joining two points 3 metres apart.

    18. The amount of twist shall be measured over a length of 3 metres and shall be expressed in degrees.

    19. The amount of cup shall be measured over a width of 150 mm and shall be expressed as mm per 150 mm.

    1. "Live borer" shall be prohibited in all grades.

    2. "Rot" shall be prohibited in all grades except in the case of unsound knots.

Defect and Charac-
teristic

Maximum permissible size of defect or characteristic per Grade

FIRST

SECOND

THIRD

FOURTH

Knots ...

Sound knots
only

Sound knots
only

Unsound knots
included

Unsound knots
included

Edge ...

¼ thickness

½ thickness

¾ thickness

Unrestricted

Margin ...

1/8 width

¼ width

1/3 width

Unrestricted

Centre ...

1/6 width

1/3 width

½ width

Unrestricted

Splay ...

¼ width

1/3 width

½ width

Unrestricted

Cluster (in total)

¼ width

1/3 width

½ width

Unrestricted

Rot ...

Not allowed except unsound knots

Wane ...

–

–

–

–

Edge ...

Not allowed

1/8 thickness

¼ thickness

¼ thickness

Face ...

Not allowed

1/12 width

1/6 width

1/3 width

Length ...

Not allowed

¼ length

1/3 length

Unspecified

Slope of Grain ...

1:14

1:8

Unrestricted

Unrestricted

Resin Pockets and Bark

Not allowed

Not more than 6 mm wide.

Not more than 6 mm wide.

Unrestricted

Not more than 40 mm in length per metre length of piece.

Not more than 80 mm in length per metre length of piece.

Checks and Splits

Total length not exceeding 150 mm

Total length not exceeding 225 mm

Total length not exceeding 300 mm

Unrestricted

Bow ...

6 mm in 1 metre of length

13 mm in 3 metres of length

25 mm in 3 metres of length

Unrestricted

Spring ...

6 mm in 1 metre of length

13 mm in 3 metres of length

25 mm in 3 metres of length

Unrestricted

Twist ...

3 degree in 3 metres of length

6 degrees in 3 metre of length

9 degree in 10 metres of length

Unrestricted

Cup ...

1.5 mm in 150 mm of width

3.3 mm in 150 mm of width

3 mm in 150 mm of width

Unrestricted

Pith ...

Not allowed

Not allowed

50 mm in 3 metres

Unrestricted

Dead Borer Holes ...

Not allowed

Not allowed

Not allowed

Unrestricted

Under-
size (unsea-
soned
timber) ...

Not allowed

Not allowed

Not allowed

Not allowed

Under-
size (sea-
soned timber) ..

Not allowed

Not allowed

Must not exceed 3 mm in thickness nor 3 mm in width.

Must not exceed 3 mm in thickness nor 10 mm in width.

Oversize

All timber to be sawn oversize by 1.5 mm per 25 mm in thickness and width.

Oversize
(unseas-
oned timber)

Not more than 3 mm thickness and not more than 6 mm in width.

Defect and Charac
teristic

Maximum permissible size of defect and characteristic per Grade

FIRST

SECOND

THIRD

Knots (per 0.5 sq. metres) ...

Sound knots only

Sound knots only

Unsound knots included.

Centre or Margin ... ...

Up to 40 mm total diameter

Up to 75 mm total diameter

Up to 150 mm total diameter.

Splay ... ...

Not allowed

One up to one-quarter of width

Two up to one-quarter of width.

Rot ... ...

Not allowed except in unsound knots

Wane ... ...

Not exceeding one-eight of thickness.

As for first

Not exceeding 1/4 of thickness.

One-twelfth of width.

1/6 of width.

One-quarter of length

1/8 of length.

Slope of Grain

1:14.

1:8.

Unrestricted.

Resin Pockets or Bark Pockets

Not more that 6 mm wide

Not more than 6 mm wide

Unrestricted.

Not more than 40 mm in length per 1 metre length of piece

Not more than 80 mm in length per 1 metre length of piece

Checks and Splits ...

Not more than 1 mm wide.

Not more than 2 mm wide

Not more than 3 mm wide.

Not more than 40 mm in length per 1 metre length of piece

Not more than 80 mm in length per 1 metre length of piece

Not more than 160 mm in length per 1 metre length of piece.

Bow ... ...

4 mm in 1m. of length

8 mm in 1m. of length

16 mm in 1 metre of
length.

Spring ...

2 mm in 1m. of length

4 mm in 1 mm in 1m. of length

8 mm in 1 metre of length.

Twist ...

1℃ in 1m. of length

2℃ in 1m. of length

3℃ in 1 metre of length.

Cup ... ...

1.5 mm in 150 mm of width

3 mm in 150 mm of width

6 mm in 150 mm of width.

Dead Borer holes ... ...

Not allowed

Not allowed

Unrestricted.

Sapwood, where distinct from heartwood

Not allowed

Up to 2 percent of face graded

Unrestricted.

Blue stain ...

5 percent

15 percent

Unrestricted.

Undersize (unseasoned timber) ...

Not allowed

Not allowed

Not allowed.

Oversize (unseasoned timber) ...

All timber to be sawn oversize 1.5 mm per 25 mm of thickness and width.

Oversize (seasoned timber) ... ...

Not more than 3 mm in thickness and not more than 6 mm in width.

1.    In all grades the letter "S" above the grade number shall denote that the timber has been graded by the strength rules and the letter "A" shall denote that the timber has been graded by the appearance rules.

2.    (a)    In the case of First Grade a Circle containing the letters E.A.T surmounted by the figure 1.

S
1
E.A.T.

A
1
E.A.T.

    (b)    In the case of Second Grade a triangle containing the letters E.A.T. surmounted by the figure 2.

S
2
E.A.T

A
2
E.A.T

    (c)    In the case of the Third Grade a square containing the letters E.A.T. surmounted by the figure 3.

S
3
E.A.T.

A
3
E.A.T.

    (d)    In the case of the Fourth Grade the letters E.A.T. surmounted by the figure 4.

S
4
E.A.T.

A
4
E.A.T.

    (e)    In the case of the General Grade the letters E.A.T. surmounted by the letter G.

S
G
E.A.T.

A
G
E.A.T.

    (f)    In the case of Specified Grade the letters E.A.T. surmounted by the letter S.

S
S
E.A.T.

A
S
E.A.T.

    I hereby certify that I have this day inspected the following timber, the property of ..................................................................... lying at ............................................. and
found it to conform with the provisions of the Export and Grading to Timber Rules as hereunder–

Species and Type of Timber (Boards Planks,Scantlings, Logs, Squares, Dimension Stock, etc.)

Grade and Grade Mark

Identification Marks on Timber

No. of pieces

Volume

    This Certificate has been issued without alternation or erasure this .................................... day of ........................... 20........

.............................................
Timber Grader            

    I/We, the undersigned, hereby apply for a permit to export the following timber:

    1.    .........................................................................................................................

    2.    Number of pieces ...............................................................................................

GRADE
Hardwood/Softwood

Boards and Planks

Scantlings

Strips and Floorings

Shorts

Total cu. metres

Prime...

First ..

Select ..

Second..

Standard.

Third...

Specified

Fourth..

– ... ...

General.

– ... ...

Specified

Total cubic metres        

SPECIFIED

Total

GRADE

Logs

Dimension

Total cu. metre

Hardwood/Softwood

cu. m.

BLACKWOOD

Logs ...

Prime ...

Flitches/Baulks ..

Select...

Sleepers

D/Stock...

Total cu. metres..

Semi-finished

Others ...

3. Marks:

    (a)    Sawmiller's ..................................................................

    (b)    Shipper's .....................................................................

    (c)    Consignee's .................................................................

Total Cu. Metres...

    4.    Sawmill of origin ................................................................................................

    5.    Name of consignor .............................................................................................

    6.    Port/Place of export ...........................................................................................

    7.    Ship and date of sailing (if known) .......................................................................

    8.    Name and address of consignee .........................................................................

    9.    Port of destination ..............................................................................................

    10.    Grading Certificate Number .................................................................................

    11.    Price per cubic metre .........................................................................................

    Date ........................ 20........

Signature ...............................

Category and Grade

Amount in cubic metres

Permission is hereby granted
to .....................................
of .....................................
export from the port of
..........................................
..........................................
the timber described herein consigned to ......................
at ......................................
such timber having been graded and marked as shown.

Prime ................

Boards
and
Planks

Select ...............

Standard..

Specified

Prime ................

Scantlings

Select ................

Standard ............

Specified

Strips
and
Flooring

Prime .................

Species:

Select ................

Sawmill of Origin: Specified

Specified

Shipping Marks:

Prime .................

No. of Pieces:

Shorts

Select ................

Specified

Specified:–
Round Longs .................

Signed ..............................

Flitches and Baulks
Dimension Stock ...........

Place of Issue:

Sleepers .......................

Date of Issue:

Semi-finished .................

Remarks–

Others ...........................

    Total .........................

E.A. Blackwood ..............

cu. metre

Prime ................

Log/Billets

Select ................

Prime ................

D/Stock

Select ...............

Total ........................................

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Acacia albida

A. nigerescens

kababu

knobthorn

mujehe, mranda, mpogola, mupongoro, nanda, and musakalame,mkambala, mtambala, muhama.

Adina microcephala

adina

mgwina, mdogowe.

Afrormosia angolensis

E.A. afrormosia

banga, mbanga, mubanga, mumanga, muwanga, muvanga, mwanga, mwenga.

Afzelia africana

A. quanzensis

afzelia

mbembakofi, mkogo, mkola.

Albizia antunesiana Harns

A. zygia
A. gummifera

A. schimperiana var. tehrocalysyn

A. maranguensis
A. versicolor

ngando

omulera

mfuranji

mtanga

mgando, muvuva, mugando, mgande, kaguha, kabuga, kaguagua, msangala, mienzeenze.

mshai, olsanguuwezi, mboromoro, mudka, mfuangi, mruka, sori, sahati, niensiesi, mseveya, ol geturai, msame, mienzienzi.

mfuranshe, mruka.

mtanga, mvimbarfura, mwimbafura, myimbarwara, mkindwanzangamba, mukingu, mkingu, muduruasi.

Allanblackia
stuhlmannii

allanblackia

msambo, msambu, mkanya, mkange, mkanyi, mshambo, mwaka, mkani.

Allophyllus
abyssinicus

mushami

nyakisagi, mbangwe.

Amblygonocarpus
andongensis syn:
A. obtusangulus
A. schweinfurthii

bangawanga

jerigwe, msekese.

Antiaris toxicariasyn: Sideroxylon

antiaris

mlulu, mkuzu.

Apodytes dimidiata

white pear

mfumo, mgarigari, munwamazi, niamenne, luachogo, lemo, maraguirito maraguito, muluma, mtakamba, mshongalanyiko, mwasaguito, mbusunga, mukanta, mnguara, mlambuzi, mvundahukumu, msivi, untakamba.

Baikiaea insignis syn:
B. eminii

mkobakoba

mukobakoba, mrobaroka.

Belischmeidia kweosyn: Tylostemnon kweo

mfimbo

mkweo, mkanta.

Bombax rhodognaphalon

E.A bombax

muari, mfuma, mfume, mfumo, mwali muali, muali, muwaka, msufi wa mwitu, muwari, mware, maume, mroari, mrufi wa mwitu, mfumi.

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Brachylaena hutchinsii

muhuhu

ol magogo, muhungwe, mkarambaki, mhugwe, muhuhu, mkalambaki, karambaki.

Brachystegia spiciformis
B. tamarindoides

mseni

mundu, mtundu, molo, gwangaka, mtundo, mtundo molo, muzombo, miombo botha, myombo botha, mswewe, mzimdiwi, muguti, mkuti, luterewe, ndagula, miyombo, mrihi, mriti, mseni.

Burkea africana

burkea

mgandu, mgando, mugando, mkalati, mkarati, kaimbi, msangala.

Calodendrum capense

Cape chestnut

olyaneibor, mpisili, olarash, tuatumro, isau.

Canarium schweinfurthii

African canarium

mubafu, mbafu.

Cassearia batiiscombei

casearia

mrikawandu, muirungi.

Cassipoure malosana syn:
C. elliottii

pillarwood

engai, saleki, ndindi, ndiri, msadoa ngiwi, msengera, funzare, nkazito.

Celtis africana syn:
C. kraussiana

akasinsa

mrinde, mrunde, musussu.

National Name

Standard Name

Local Name

C. durandii var. ugandensis

    (a)    C. adolii-rederici

    (b)    C. mildbraediisyn: C. soyauxii

    (c)    C. zenkeri

namanuka

(a-c) African celtis

mshinduzi, mzusa.mzugu, muhenga, mpeko.

Cephalosphaera usambarensis

mtambara

mtambaa, mtambao, mtambara.

Cholophora excelsa

iroko

mvuli, mvule, muyanzi, mrie, mpugusi mtalula, mwale, msule.

    (a)    Chrysophyllum albidum

    (b)    C. perpulchrum

(a,b) mululu

mberiberi, mfu, mgoma.

Comretum schumanii

mgurure

mkwaya, mkongola, mkongolo, mgurure mpera, mwitu

Cordia abyssinica

mikumari

musingati, muringaringa.

Cordyla africana

cordyla

mbachanga, mroma, mgwata.

Cornus volkensii syn: Afrocrania volkensii

mukorombozi

muandege.

Croton macrostachyus

C. megalocarpus

mutundumusine

mfurufuru, ifurufuru, mulugu, mulemgu, mukuruguru, mshunduzi,mbali, mlalai, mlandee, mergentu, lalei, lali, ol marbait, ol mergoit, ol margait, eiloi, muhande, nepepo.

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Dalbergia melanoxylon

African blackwood

mpingo, kidamo, kinti, nyamfunza, nyamfunga, mgembe, mhingo, gembe, ngembi, mgembya.

Dialiopsis africana

Mkalya

mkarirankobi, mkalya, mkalia mjunja wankobe, nyinyawankobe.

Diospyros abyssinica
syn: Maba abyssinica

D. mespiliformis

Lusui

African ebony

ol gurdien, mulinwini, lukunya, msambu.

mkadi, msindi, mnumbulu, mnubulu, mgiriti.

Ekebergia rueppeliana

ekebergia

ol mukuma, ol rukana, mshishito, msisi, mfuare, musimbi, muvulamono, luvulamono, mkuna, monko.

Entandrophragma

The Entandrophragma spp. are often marketed as "mahogany" together with the true "AFRICAN MAHOGANY" (Khaya spp.). This is undesirable as they differ considerably in properties.

mondo, muwumbu, muwungu, muwumbulu, mondo, mbolo, muondue, muondo kali kali, mbokoboko, mrie.

Erythropheleum africanum

mkarati

mganda, mpuga, mgando, gele, mkalati, mugando, mgimbira, mkarati, mubulu.

Erythropleum guineense

missanda

mkola, muhai, muafi, muavi, mwavi, mbaraka, mkelekele, moavi, mkarati, muahi, mwahe, mwayara.

Fagara amaniensis

F. macrophylla

amani satinwood

African satinwood

mfuakumbi.

Fagaropsis angolensis syn: Clausena melioides

mafu

mfu, mtua, garumo, mkunguni, nkunguni.

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Ficalhoa laurifolia

ficalhoa

isiete, mgemusi, nderemu, mwavaula, mwabula, mkuka, mkumbashashi.

Funtumia latifolia

bastard wild rubber

kilimboti, mfijufiju.

Hagenia abyssinica syn:
H. anthelmintica

hagenia

ol kiabe, foono, mwanga, mlanga, mlaagi, ihangala, ngivavi, mturungu, lifowama, lifuwuna, mkumburu, luziluzi, mrosirose, mtulenya, mweretzi, mweretsi.

Isoberlinia scheffleri

mbarika

mamba, msembe, sembe, mtambala, mbarika.

Julbernardia globiflora syn: Isoberlinia globiflora

muwa

mpanata, msina, muba, mgombo, mtundu, miwa, muwa, mkwee, ntundu, musimu, miongo, miombo, myombo.

Juniperus procera

African pencil cedar

ol darakwa, ol tarakwa, semit, nderekwa, nso, mselemuka, mbechera, msingo, selemuka, mwangati, mlalo, mbalu, noge, salemuka.

Khaya nyasica

African mahogany

mtondoo, myofu, ililu, mbulu nyaelasi, mkangazi, mtembo, mwawa.

Lovoa brownii

nkoba

msau.

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Macaranga kilimandschariea

macaranga

ehaaw, mhaha, muhaa, muhaha, murah, mpalala, muwebe, legumata, mkumba.

Maesopsis eminii

musizi

muhumula, muhumulla, msira, musira, massira.

Manilkara aopingua syn:
M. cuneifolia

nkunya

mkunya.

Millettia stuhlmannii

panga panga

mpande.

(a)    Mitragyna rubrostipulata

(b)    M. stipulosa

(a) and (b) nzingu

(a) mromberombe.
(b) mlombelombe.

Morus lactea

E.A. mulberry

mukimbu, mkimbu.

Newtonia buchananii syn: Piptandenia buchananii

newtonia

mkufi, mpunga, mnyassa.

Newtonia paucijuga syn: Cylicodiscus batiiscombei

mdadarika

mdadalika

Ocotea usambarensis

East African camphorwood

muwong, mwawong, mseri, muheti, musiwisiwi, mbawira, maase, maasi, nsebi, nkuro, mkuro, mkulo, mtoamada, mkenene, msibisibi.

Olea africana syn:

O. chryosphylla

O. hochstetteri

O. welwitschii

brown olive

East African Olive

ol orien, senefu, mtamioi, sahati, lagaiyanecheit, muranganji, msigajemba, mziagembe, mziragembengwe, lolyondo, mchiyo, mshishio, ol loliondo.

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Parinari excelsa syn: P. holstii

mumura

msabula, mula.

Podocarpus spp.

(a)    P. gracilior

(b)    P. milanjianus

(c)    P. usambarensis var. dawei

podo

(a) mvavavi, nokim, mse mawe, muzizizimu.

(b) mtokosi, tawaso, msoso, mtosi, mwenbinyigo, mwembenyigo, mkensi, msese, nyalulasi, lipume, muwima, siegi, msenamawe.msekichanga.

(c) muse, mse mawe, muze, mussee, mvusse.

Pterocarpus angolensis

P. chrysothrix

P. stolzii syn:

P. zimmermannii

muninga mkulamtumbati-mtoni

mtumbati, mninga, mkulungu, mkurungu, msueta, mkula.

Pycnanthus angolensis syn: P. kombo

ilomba

mnoba.

Pygeum africanum

mueri

ol gujuk, mseneo, mkondekonde, mpembati, gwame, mgambo, mkomahoyo, mkomohoyo.

Repanear hododendrolides syn:

R. neurophylla

rapanea

mwasa, mlimangombe, mraso, kirjasi, kidongadwa, mshiwizo.

Ricinodendron heudelotii syn:

R. africanum

musodo

mtondo, mtene.

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Sterculia appendiculata

S. quingueloba

mgudembalamwezi

mfune myale, mgude, msabara, muhembeti, mguwa mkungulanga, mpalamusi, mperamusi, mpermusi, mwingirangidengi, mkweranyani, moza.

Strombosia scheffleri

strombosia

msangana, msangane fimbo, msingasinga mutiluanda, msingasinga muzika.

Symphonia globulifera

muyanja

mianja.

Syzygium guineense

mshiwi

mchwezi, muvengi, issassa, msalazi, nguluka, mpegele, irgat, muhu, mwasya, kisambarai, kizambarai, mzarabo, sambarau, mschihui, msambaran, mzambarai, mzambarau, msengela, msambarao, mvenge, muwenge, masdi.

Tamarindus indica

tamarind

mkwazu, moya, mkwaju, msisa, ol masamburai, msisi, mshishi, mkwaja, mkwesu, mkwazu, nshishi, musisa.

Teclea nobilis

munderendu

muzo, mdimu, kilongolo, mudzo.

Terminalia spp.

T. aemula

terminalia

mlajala, mkurungu, mkima-mkubwa, mtagala.

Botanical Name

Standard Name

Local Name

Trachylobium verrucosun

mtandarusi

msandaruzi, munyama, msandarusi, mtandarusi, munanyo.

Vitex spp.

vitex

muviru, muvuru, mgwobe, mfurulegea, mfuru ya mtoni, mpulu, mkunungu.